Introduction

Within a large scenario of violence against women, there is an interest in investigating the most obvious behaviors of men's reaction to their partner, so as a research group we seek to present and understand the most common scenarios of violence in the lives of women (World Health Organization, 2017), so that several international organizations such as the United Nations, World Health Organization, victims of violence; catalog the mistreatment of women as a major public health problem (World Health Organization, 2017). Therefore, women in contemporary society face psychological, sexual, physical and verbal problems by men generating abuse and inequality in women. (Medisan, 2011).

Thus, it is manifested that there is a high percentage of women worldwide who have been victims of physical and/or sexual violence by their partner or sexual violence by a person other than their partner at some point in their lives (UN Women, 2019).

Therefore, in the municipality of Soacha, prevention and awareness-raising actions have been developed highlighting the importance of not allowing or tolerating any type of aggression or abuse against women (Alcaldía Municipal de Soacha, 2017). Similarly, all violence against women is rejected in the municipality of Soacha, which is why the former municipal mayor Eleazar González joins the campaign #TodoSomosTodas and proceeds to the call to women who feel violated; not to be afraid and report. So that in this way Soacha will be free of all violence against women. (Castellanos, 2017). Considering that this municipality has stood up against the mistreatment of women, as a research group we have selected one of the most vulnerable communities of Soacha which is, Comuna 4, Cazucá.

At this point, based on the problems presented, the research question that was formulated was the following: What are the behaviors of men that induce aggression against women aged 30-50 years, in the commune 4, Cazucá of the municipality of Soacha, Cundinamarca? In order to answer this question, it is important to describe and carry out an exhaustive investigation of some of the most frequent male behaviors that induce aggression against women, these are: alcoholism, jealousy, economic dependence and parenting patterns; in addition to highlighting the consequences that these behaviors leave on women.

Now it can be said that all abuse brings with it a consequence, which is why the WHO multi-country study states that women who are victims of physical abuse suffer ailments, health difficulties and many physical or mental problems that have been generated through the abuse caused years ago (World Health Organization, 2010). Therefore, psychological abuse is a reflection of the different behaviors of men, since they use a subtle and intelligent way so that their bad actions are not detected, leading women to confront them in multiple ways: reproaches, insults, threats, fear, even provoking suicide. As a result of all this, it became evident that 81% of the women have thought of committing suicide. That 63% of abused women attempted suicide and required medical assistance to save their lives and sadly, 18% of this population committed suicide as a way out of the situation of violence they were living (Lorente, 2006).

Likewise, sexual abuse is carried out against the woman's will because only the man satisfies his own sexual desires, his behavior is forced and he wants to force the woman to have sexual relations. Therefore, the WHO defines sexual abuse as any sexual act, where their actions to otherwise use the sexuality of women is through coercion by another person, regardless of the relationship of this person with the victim, in any setting, including at home and in the workplace, this type of abuse and behavior is exposed to painful sexual practices (WHO.2002). Similarly, it is very important to note that sexual abuse represents the ultimate humiliation and subjugation of women to men for the purpose of using their power to limit and force women into total submission (James, 2008).

Therefore, verbal abuse presents many possible variants such as direct insult, humiliating tone, the imposition of a norm that is established by an environment where the victimizer thinks he thinks he is a better person and begins to ridicule her with mocking comments, most victims say that verbal attacks are more repugnant than the physical violence experienced. Violence against women and health determines that "the worst aspect of abuse is not the violence itself but the "mental torture" and "living in fear and terror" (Ruiz, n.d.).

In short, in the course of this investigative article, we will continue to develop the research that was carried out of the three most relevant aggressive behaviors of the male victimizer to the female victim that are exposed both in the conjugal relationship and in the society that surrounds it; which are: Psychological, sexual and verbal abuse, in addition to the risks involved and as Social Workers to sensitize women to alert this type of social problem so aberrant and unheard of today; so that women can take ownership of their lives, their rights as human beings, their value in society and performance in their families.

Materials and methods

For this research it was necessary to use the historical-hermeneutic approach, since this approach presents a look at women who have been victims of men's aggressive behavior and therefore have suffered some type of violence; this is an investigative approach, which seeks to understand and interpret a phenomenon or a reality in a specific context. It is thus, where it allows to interpret the reality of the individual, the woman. (Dilthey, 2015). On the other hand, this study is descriptive, it consists of getting to know the predominant behaviors and attitudes of men through the exact description of the women interviewed (Miró, 1944). For this reason, it was chosen because the research is descriptive.

On the other hand, the modality according to the research was life history, where two stories were collected and each of them with three sessions, since, whose main object is the analysis and transcription that the researcher performs as a result of the stories of a person about his life or specific moments of it (Martín, 1995) and also about the stories and documents extracted from third parties, that is, stories and contributions made by others about the subject of the life history (Perelló, 2009), 1995) and also on the stories and documents extracted from third parties, that is, stories and contributions made by other people about the subject of the Life History (Perelló, 2009) with this modality, it is possible to understand how the events that the women who have been victims have had to go through were.

Its cognitive purpose will be exploratory in nature, since it will allow us to find more specific aspects of how women in that community are affected by some type of violence or how they have been affected throughout their lives.

Given this, for data collection we made use of intermediaries, and so we were able to reach the president of the Junta de Acción Comunal, who coordinated and facilitated the approach with these two women social leaders, who wanted to share their life story as they were victims of abuse within marriage, and are aged 44 and 47 years.

Given the above, two in-depth interviews and non-participant observation of women were carried out, and two (2) inhabitants of commune 4 (Altos de Cazucá) Soacha, Cundinamarca were selected.

Results

Through the accounts acquired by the two women it was possible to identify that the behavior of the human being can change under the effects of massive alcohol consumption since it brings as a consequence changes in personality, the person who consumes this type of substance tends to have violent behaviors, and the relationship they have with their partner becomes unstable, because it leads to increase abuse since they are driven to have inappropriate behaviors, alcohol is a powerful drug, which destroys health and ends up completely changing the way of thinking and behavior of a person, (Sanchez.E, 2019). All this, concludes that alcoholism is one of the biggest problems that usually occur in couples, since the person does not recognize his mistake, claiming that he can quit at any time but it is a lie, he does not realize that consumption to that substance is turned into a disease. (World Health Organization, 2004).

Therefore, it was evident from the women who were sampled in the life history methodology that alcohol consumption is one of the direct causes of conjugal violence, because they have testified that throughout their lives the influence it has had on their partners brought with it both physical and psychological mistreatment. In addition, harmful alcohol consumption is one of the 50 risk factors in intimate partner violence and sexual violence, a significant percentage of abusers abuse alcohol or are dependent on this substance (World Health Organization, 2010). Therefore (Fiestas, Rojas, Gushiken, & Gozzer, 2012) affirm that the pattern of characteristics that predict the role assumed by each person is associated with having suffered high levels of violence during childhood, having a favorable attitude towards violence, consuming alcohol excessively, not having an academic degree and having low economic income (Sánchez, M. D. P. M., & Méndez, M. G. 2015).

On the other hand, it is evident that due to the economic dependence that some of the women acquire while in a relationship is a fact of vulnerability, since their partner by the fact of providing economic support they believe they are the owners of the women making them lose their honor and decision making. According to the study of physical, psychological, emotional, sexual and economic abuse in courtship, it forces the other person to depend economically on the aggressor, not allowing her to work or by other means; to exercise control over the financial resources of the victim or to exploit her economically. The items on this abuse are: "He stole money from you", "He did not let you work or study or forced you to abandon a job or studies you had been doing" and "He demanded that you give him the money you had earned in your work or by other means." (Rey-Anacona, C. A.2009).

In addition, there is a look at economic violence in marriage expressing that there are different kinds of aggressions that are not easy to perceive, since they are framed within social scenarios where, traditionally, men have had greater control over women. In these cases, some men use their economic power to control their partner, to the point of supervising and limiting the decisions that she can make both in personal matters and in matters pertaining to the household (The Statement of Legal Affairs, 2016).

For this reason, economic violence is defined as any act of force or power exercised against women that violates their economic rights. In her study, she says that economic violence manifests itself through acts aimed at limiting, controlling or preventing the income from her economic perceptions. The aggressor prevents the victim from working outside the home, controls her income or the way she spends the money she obtains, is economically violating her partner (López, 2017).

It is evident in the analysis of the research carried out that jealousy in couples is caused in sudden occasions, jealousy is a painful consequence of frustration; a passion lived in anguish, in anger, in spite, a suffering engendered and exasperated by the image of a rival. (Henry Ey, 1948). It can be said that jealousy is a feeling that the person does not control because of the pain of frustration, because of the threat of the loss of a loved one. This is one of the most frequent cases that appear in couple relationships, leading to such a point to a murder, or strong beating of the partner.

Previously and currently, the culture of men has followed a macho line, where the man is the one who imposes the rules of the household, believing he has the power and dominance, pretending that women submit to his orders and if they do not, they become suspects of infidelity. According to the study carried out in the Community Responses to Domestic Violence against Women, machismo is one of the main causes of violence against women, as pointed out by leaders of grassroots organizations, women who participate in organizations and women who do not participate in organizations (Oblitas, Cáceres & Pacheco, 2007). Jealousy is a psychological alteration that promotes quite strong reactions in men, to better illustrate, with the two cases that were collected in the research, the victims told how these reactions were on the part of their partner and as for anger, this emotion is usually accompanied by certain physical gestures, such as frowning , clenching the Echeburúa, Amor & Fernández-Montalvo, 2002; Tobeña, 2001).

It is evident that women who have been victims of spousal abuse throughout their lives have lived with people (family members) with violent behaviors, and that these people can naturalize violence in their lives and continue with this paradigm. Children are not victims just because they witness violence between their parents but because they "live in violence". They are victims of psychological violence, sometimes also physical, and they grow up believing that violence is a normal relationship pattern among adults (Asensi, 2007).

Therefore, it must be affirmed that in their childhood they were victims of abandonment by their father figure, since they looked to their partner to replace the father they did not have, trying to fill those gaps, women associate this with their fear of abandonment. Therefore, they tend to have this emotional attachment. In a study similar to the one proposed (Astudillo Iglesias, M. A., & Brito Lucero, M. R. 2019) refer to the academic university of Christian humanism in Chile, and conclude that the absence of the father figure in adolescence is a risk factor that affects at different levels in the field of affective development that comes from the family, just as, that the vision of gender that is achieved by growing up without a father figure affects the stability of their interpersonal relationships, as well as psychological repercussions, such as depression, fear of abandonment, unstable relationships, cognitive difficulties and behavioral problems (Ordóñez & Rojas, 2013). Rojas, 2013).

As expressed by (Vicuña, M., & Nathhaly, N. 2018) the evils suffered by women victims of violence are not insignificant. The whole personality is destabilized. They feel shame of the violation suffered, of the denial of their free will and of their physical or psychological integrity. They feel guilt for not having desisted in some way, they always present fear, insecurity, distrust, uncertainty and deep frustration. This factor favors violence when there is little clarity in emotions, lack of resources for their expression, lack of control, lack of limits, low self-esteem, type of coping, negative assertiveness, meaning of violence and personality disorder or character traits (Henales-Almaraz, M. C.., Sánchez-Bravo, C., Meléndez, J. C., & Espíndola-Hernández, G. 2007).

Moreover, violence, as such, is the weapon par excellence of patriarchy. Neither religion, nor education, nor laws, nor customs, nor any other mechanism would have achieved the historical submission of women, if all this had not been reinforced with violence, a coercive device, whose objective is to oppress and control women, thus being an extreme expression of the power that men intend to exercise over them (Nuria Varela, 2008).

There are different compositions since any action or conduct that causes death, harm, physical or psychological suffering to either spouse, whether in the public or private sphere, taking place within the family or in any other interpersonal relationship. Common among these are rape, physical or psychological mistreatment and sexual abuse. In Colombia, spousal violence is more generalized against women (Duque & Vieco, 2012). More is not only about behaviors that men respond to women, that is, in general, women are required to remain in their role of caregiver and organizer of the home, in addition, they must be efficient in everything if they decide to combine work, motherhood, and family. She has to be impeccable and in good health. And of course, she must be the best sexual lover (Bedmar, 2017). In addition to this, there is one more factor that influences the abuse in women, jealousy, these drive to have aggressive behaviors, affirms (Díaz Pomé, 2009) saying that jealousy, occurs before the possessive behavior of the partner. The reaction produced by jealousy makes people get upset and become violent, which causes them to try to impose their authority and react violently. This factor can develop from a disease caused by alcohol consumption, called jealousy, strongly associated with alcoholism (López Paredes & Orellana, 2013).

In another case, the psychological sequelae that follow from the other types of harm, for example, are not only the negative psychological effects experienced by the victim of repeated beatings. But also, emotional violence is a specific type of violence. It is any omission or action that causes or can directly cause psychological harm. It usually uses language, both verbal and gestural. It is paradigmatically represented by the insult (Sanmartín Esplugues, 2007) in the same way, physical violence, in gender violence, validates masculine identity, as a modeling of it, of the exercise of power, of presence, of visibility and group reference, of respect and as a generator of fear in the other and control of one's own fear, through bravery (Santini, 2013). Similarly, in this type of violence is the use of some weapon, which intimidates and reduces the victim in a way that supports and enhances the power relationship in favor of the aggressor, directly attacking physical integrity through, "blows, kicks, throwing objects to the body, threatening with weapons and other objects." (Duque & Vieco, 2012). Another type of violence refers to economic violence, which is based on controlling the access of the whole family to money, blackmail and control of family income, in order to maintain authority and gain power within the group (Duque & Vieco, 2012).

On the other hand, one of the most important causes of violence against women is gender differences in status and power (Díaz-Aguado, M. J., & Arias, R. M. 2001). Therefore, it is believed in society that the female sex is synonymous with weakness, where one can do whatever one wants with it. Sexual violence is a form that involves acts of a sexual nature, since it is considered to have greater power over the victim, the woman, who is forced against her will. Sexual violence is a problem present in all cultures and societies as a type of violence. (Garcia, R. C. 1997). On the other hand, in a couple's relationship, one of the partners forces the other by means of force, threat, blackmail, bribery, intimidation or any other form that annuls or limits personal will, to have relations or to carry out unwanted sexual practices. This type of violence triggers emotional and psychological reactions among which are guilt, shame, depression, anxiety, phobias, etc. (Rodríguez Rodríguez, Hernández Cortés, & Tarquino Bulla, 2015).

It is important to mention certain aspects of the historical patriarchy that has been presented in the inequality of gender, man and woman, there is an explanation of patriarchy as a generic social order of power, whose prototype is man. It is an order of male dominance over women (Falcón Caro, 2002). Culture defines the rights, responsibilities and identities of women in relation to men and vice versa. They imply questioning the social assignment of roles to women, since they have not yet achieved democratization in the family sphere and continue to fulfill functions as housewife, mother and household administrator, in addition to meeting the commitments generated by their involvement in the productive sector and other sociocultural spaces (Quintero Velásquez, 2007).

Moving forward in our reasoning, there is a more subtle and perverse violence that is sustained in language and cultural representations that, when naturalized and made invisible, guarantee success insofar as what cannot be seen is not questioned. It is the very impossibility of being identified that sustains its ideological function and symbolic power (Blanco, J. 2009). This form of violence is very common in society and in women's lives, but because it is so naturalized that women are inferior to men it is almost impossible to notice, and in homes it is generalized that women are the housewives and the ones who must take care of their children. Symbolic violence is instituted through the adhesion that the dominated feels obliged to grant to the dominator (consequently, to domination) when he does not have, to imagine it or to imagine himself or, rather, to imagine the relationship he has with him, any other instrument of knowledge than that which he shares with the dominator and which, being nothing more than the assimilated form of the relationship of domination, makes that relationship seem natural.(Pierre Bourdieu, 2000) It is there, where from the cultural construction of the "Patriarchy" the woman's belief becomes insignificant. It is also important to know that sexism is an element present in the symbolic dimension of our culture, first of all, due to a historical issue. The belief in the hierarchical and antagonistic relationship of the masculine and the feminine is an ideology that has been spread since the first manifestations (Verdú Delgado, A. D., & Briones Vozmediano, E. 2016).

Conclusions

By way of conclusion, after seeing the different perspectives and approaches that seek to find out the most common causes and behaviors of male abuse of women, it can be seen that in society there is not a single cause that diagnoses male violence against women, but rather there are many factors that react in different ways, thus generating different behaviors of abuse. Some of the most notorious that were evidenced in the research were: alcohol consumption, jealousy, economic dependence and parenting patterns.

Therefore, being under the consumption of alcohol tends to increase dangerous compulsive behaviors, where the highest rate is known through compulsive jealousy, exercising psychological, verbal, sexual and physical abuse. In addition, the man creates a superiority posture over the woman, due to the patterns of upbringing he had in his childhood, believing himself to be the owner of his economic income and commanding over the decision making in his life.

That is why this research was conducted in order to understand how women have been violated in society from the cultural point of view, and what we want to achieve is to continue promoting more of this research to provide more knowledge and thus raise awareness and prevent abuse of women.

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