EDITORIAL

Quinoa in Peru: Andean Pseudocereal, a food for present and future generations

La quinua en el Perú: Pseudocereal andino, alimento de generaciones presentes y futuras

De La Cruz-Arango, Jesús

Jesús De La Cruz-Arango

jesus.delacruz@unsch.edu.pe

Universidad Nacional de San Cristóbal de Huamanga. Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas. Laboratorio de Botánica. Portal Independencia No. 57. Ayacucho Perú

Journal of the Selva Andina Biosphere

Selva Andina Research Society, Bolivia

ISSN: 2308-3867

Periodicity: Bianual

vol. 11, no. 1, 2023

directoreditorbiosphere@gmail.com

URL: http://portal.amelica.org/ameli/journal/71/714420714420003/

DOI: https://doi.org/10.36610/j.jsab.2023.110100001x

Selva Andina Research Society

License Creative Commons
This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International.

Non-profit publishing model to preserve the academic and open nature of scientific communication

ePub generated from XML JATS4R

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), an Andean crop of importance for its high nutritional value, contains essential amino acids, trace elements, vitamins, fiber that our body requires, in addition to being gluten-free. Even superior to other cereals such as wheat, barley and soybeans, only comparable to milk protein. It has valuable therapeutic properties and other benefits ¹ ,2 . In fact, it is a gift from our ancestors, inherited from the pre-Incas and Incas. A species protected and preserved by the indigenous populations of South America as food for present and future generations 2 . However, during the Spanish conquest and the colonial and even republican era in Peru, it was marginalized and despised, considered Indian food and excluded from the table of wealthy families. Over the centuries, it faced numerous challenges, including attempts to erase its spiritual significance during colonization 3 . Despite this, Andean peoples have maintained and used it as a valuable food, even with its difficulties in harvesting and eliminating its bitterness due to the presence of saponins 4 .

The discovery of the benefits of quinoa has changed the way consumers think, regardless of their social position. The nutritional value of this food inherited from the Incas is now recognized. It is consumed by wealthy families and is found in the main markets in different presentations. It is exported to Europe, Asia and North America, expanding its consumption beyond South America. Several countries are researching how to grow it in different ecosystems, although quinoa is a traditional Andean food, it is now considered an indicator of social status, consumed mainly by people from the upper strata of society 3 .

The change in the way of life and customs of the inhabitants of Andean and rural areas has been influenced by the growing international demand and exports. This has led to a monetary emphasis and a greater importance on growing quinoa because of its high price on the international market. However, this change also had negative consequences, as now all production is destined for the market and poor families, especially those living in rural areas, can no longer include quinoa in their daily diet 3 . These developments in Peru have spread to most of the Andean communities and populations that grow quinoa. Due to an erroneous belief, the rural inhabitants of the highlands of Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador have begun to abandon their ancestral food traditions in favor of modernity 5 . Small producers sell quinoa to buy other foods and products from the city, as they are unaware of its nutritional value and believe that they are improving their food quality by consuming products such as noodles, rice, among others.

Quinoa has its center of origin in the Andes region, especially in the Altiplano around Lake Titicaca in Peru and Bolivia. The peoples of the Andean Region of South America have cultivated, protected and conserved it for thousands of years 6 .

In terms of its geographic distribution, it is a plant that can adapt to diverse ecological environments and climates. It has the ability to withstand long periods of drought, salty soils and poor in organic matter. It grows from sea level to altitudes of 4000 meters. In addition, it can withstand temperatures ranging from -8 to 38º C. Its cultivation was initiated by the pre-Incas and expanded by the Incas throughout the empire. Its distribution extended from the region of Pasto in Colombia to Catamarca (Argentina) and the Maule River in Chile 2 .

Today, the crop has expanded to all continents, due to the characteristics indicated above, it has great ecological plasticity and biological diversity, which makes it suitable for the development of the crop in other regions of the world. This is especially important in the current context, and it is necessary to take measures to adapt to climate change 7 . Therefore, as a measure to protect and conserve this genetic resource, countries considered as centers of origin should create national strategies to preserve their biological diversity. International agreements recognize the sovereignty of States over their genetic resources and the role of indigenous communities in their preservation. They also establish principles to promote a fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of these genetic resources by all countries of the world 7 .

In terms of exports, since 1998 Peru has become one of the world's leading producers of quinoa. In 2013, there was an increase in external demand, which led to the expansion of its cultivation on the Peruvian coast. In the highlands, the departments of Puno, Ayacucho, Apurímac, Cusco and Junín are the main centers of organic quinoa production, albeit with lower yields but higher prices. On the other hand, on the coast, production is higher, but conventional and not organic. These events led to a decrease in exports in 2014, especially to the North American market from Arequipa and La Libertad 8 .

To prevent the recurrence of bad practices in agriculture and to guarantee the quality of export products, it is necessary for the Peruvian government and relevant institutions to provide technical advice to farmers on all aspects of cultivation. This should apply not only to quinoa, but to all export products. In addition, production areas should be zoned and surveillance, control and training actions should be carried out for producers, processors and exporters in general.

Jesús De La Cruz-Arango

San Cristobal de Huamanga National University

Faculty of Biological Sciences

Botany Laboratory

Portal Independencia No. 57

Ayacucho – Peru

jesus.delacruz@unsch.edu.pe

2023. Journal of the Selva Andina Biosphere®. Bolivia. All rights reserved.

Cited Literature

1. Oficina de Comunicación Corporativa, Oficina del Director General. Recetario internacional de la quinua: tradición y vanguardia [Internet]. Auckland: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2013 [cited May 22, 2023]. 34 p. Retrieved from: https://www.fao.org/documents/card/ru/c/ad575219-dec4-5298-832d-a214c255149d

2. Daza R, Pereyra E, Burín D, Heras AI. Quinua, regalo ancestral: historia, contexto, tecnología, políticas [Internet]. Palpalá: Fundación Nueva Gestión; 2015 [citado 22 de marzo de 2023]. 127 p. Recuperado a partir de: http://opac.filo.uba.ar/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=429715

3. Acurio Páez FD. Clase social y consumo de quinua en Cuenca. 2017. Ref Fac Cienc Médic Univ Cuen-ca 2019;37(1):43-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18537/RFCM.37.01.05

4. Fundación de Biodiversidad Alimentaria. Quinua: una historia de injusticias y contradicciones. Cuad Méd Soc (Chile) 2021;61(1):75-81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.56116/cms.v61.n1.2021.28

5. Flores Mamani E, Rodriguez-Huamani RE, Arce-Ortiz NV, García-Tejada GF. Cultura y comportamiento del consumidor de quinua como producto orgánico. Idesia (Arica) 2022;40(2):133-42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-34292022000200133

6. Tapia ME, Fries AM. Guía de campo de los cultivos andinos [Internet]. Lima: Asociación Nacional de Productores Ecológicos del Perú - Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación; 2007 [citado 2-de abril de 2023]. 222 p. Recuperado a partir de: https://www.fao.org/3/ai185s/ai185s.pdf

7. Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. State of the art report on quinoa around the world in 2013 [Internet]. Santiago: Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2015 [cited May 22, 2023]. 605 p. Retrieved from: https://www.fao.org/3/i4042e/i4042e.pdf

8. Dirección General de Políticas Agrarias. Análisis económico de la producción nacional de la quinua [Internet]. Lima: Ministerio de Agricultura y Riego; 2017 [citado 22 de marzo de 2023]. 11 p. Recuperado a partir de: https://repositorio.midagri.gob.pe/handle/20.500.13036/359

Notes

Conflicts of interest: This publication has no conflict of interest with any public or private entity.

_________

Ethical considerations: For the presentation of this document, we have avoided raising names of institutions or persons that are affected in any way.

Alternative link

http://www.scielo.org.bo/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2308-38592023000100001&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=en (html)