Artículo Original

THE SITUATION TO THE PROGRESS OF SUPPORTING EARLY WORKING CHILDREN - CASE STUDY IN VIETNAM

LA SITUACIÓN DEL PROGRESO DEL APOYO A LOS NIÑOS TEMPRANOS QUE TRABAJAN - ESTUDIO DE CASO EN VIETNAM

Van-Truong, Doan

Doan Van-Truong

dvtruongxhh@gmail.com

Thanh Hoa University of Culture, Sports and Tourism Vietnam

Revista de Investigaciones Universidad del Quindío

Universidad del Quindío, Colombia

ISSN: 1794-631X

ISSN-e: 2500-5782

Periodicity: Anual

vol. 34, no. 2, 2022

riuq@uniquindio.edu.co

Received: 04 July 2022

Accepted: 30 August 2022

URL: http://portal.amelica.org/ameli/journal/517/51733915173391038/

Non-profit publishing model to preserve the academic and open nature of scientific communication

ePub generated from XML JATS4R

Abstract: Early child labor has been and is a prominent issue that needs to be improved and pushed back all over the world. Currently, the situation of children working early, especially in heavy, dangerous, and hazardous jobs will significantly affect the physical, mental and cognitive development of children. The article deals with the current situation and outlines the individual social work process to support and prevent early child labor.

Keywords: Early labor, Process, Support, Children, Vietnam.

Resumen: El trabajo infantil temprano ha sido y es un tema destacado que necesita ser mejorado y rechazado en todo el mundo. Actualmente, la situación de los niños que trabajan temprano, especialmente en trabajos pesados, peligrosos y riesgosos, afectará significativamente el desarrollo físico, mental y cognitivo de los niños. El artículo aborda la situación actual y describe el proceso de trabajo social individual para apoyar y prevenir el trabajo infantil temprano.

Palabras clave: Trabajo de parto temprano, Proceso, Apoyo, Niños, Vietnam.

INTRODUCTION

Vietnam is a country on the path of integration and development. The economy has taken proud steps that are highly appreciated by many countries around the world, Vietnam is aiming to become an industrialized country by 2025 and can compete with developed countries in the world. In addition to the socio-economic achievements, Vietnam is facing many difficulties and challenges arising from the reverse side of the socio-economic development process such as social stratification, urbanization. asynchronous urbanization, degraded environment, unemployment, lonely elderly people, drug crimes, children in difficult circumstances. Particularly for children with difficult circumstances, one of these subjects must be mentioned is children who work early, including children who are exploited for labor and street children.

Many children have been doing many hard jobs to earn a living for themselves and their families, jobs such as collecting ticks, polishing shoes, selling lottery tickets... most of the children have a good life. Most of them live in difficult circumstances and have poor economic conditions. However, in many families where the father and mother have not fulfilled their economic obligations or in families with disabilities, child labor sometimes plays an important role in earning a living for the family.

In every country, research on early child labor is required, to find out their difficulties and desires, and to offer different forms of help. We all know that children are the future owners of the country, so taking care of and protecting children is the responsibility not only of the family but of the whole society.

Currently, the process of urbanization is growing, alarming the situation of street children, early working children, concentrated in industrial parks and large urban areas. It is a place that suffers from migration from all parts of the country, and homeless children easily become victims of labor exploitation. The exploitation of the labor force has affected the children's minds and bodies damaged their personalities and future. Therefore, street children and early labor have been an urgent problem of all mankind. To help the children have a loving home and return to the family home, so that the green sprouts, the future owners of the country will be cared for by the love of their parents and the whole society.

RESEARCH OVERVIEW

Research on early child labor has attracted the attention of many authors around the world and has made high theoretical and practical contributions to society. Research by P Banerjee's team provides a comprehensive picture of child labor as full-time domestic workers in the Metropolitan city of Kolkata in India. The study surveyed 330 children participating in domestic work from 8 to 14 years old. These children have been physically, emotionally, or sexually abused. Furthermore, there are anemia, gastrointestinal infections, vitamin deficiencies, infectious respiratory disorders, and skin diseases along with high rates of malnutrition (Banerjee et al, 2008).

Nghiên cứu của Edmonds, Eric V., and Nina Pavcnik đã giải thích rằng trade flows are endogenous to child labor (and labor standards more generally) by examining the relationship between child labor and variation in trade based on geography. We find that countries that trade more have less child labor. At the cross-country means, the data suggest an openness elasticity of child labor of -0.7. For low-income countries, the elasticity of child labor for trade with high-income countries is -0.9 (Edmonds, Eric V., and Nina Pavcnik, 2006)

Christopher Heady's research has shown the influencing factors of children working early on the completion of learning goals at school. Difficulties and limitations of children studying and working in Ghana in recent years (Christopher Heady, 2010).

Research in India also shows that child labor is affected by factors such as poverty, large population, unemployment, lack of educational facilities. Despite many decisions and legislation, children's activities proceed without restriction in India. As a result, this has infringed upon the privileges of children especially ideal for training, physical welfare, mental well-being, and social advancement. This eventually led to an obstacle to the improvement of the country (Child Labour In India: A Critical Legal Study, 2019).

Research in China shows that Child labor is not an insignificant social phenomenon in China; About 7.74% of children aged 10 to 15 were working in 2010, on average they worked 6.75 hours per day and spent 6.42 hours less per day on school than other children. About 90% of child laborers still attending school combine economic activities with schooling. A child living in a rural area is more likely to work. Compared with the place of residence, the child's gender is less important. The education level of the household head and its interaction with the gender of the household head does not seem to matter. However, household wealth per capita and household participation in off-farm activities are negatively related to the rate of child labor. Children in families with more adults are less likely to work. The rate of child labor in China varies considerably across regions. The rate of child labor is correlated with the development level of each region: the West has the highest rate of child labor, followed by the East and the Central region (Can Tang et al, 2016).

In Vietnam, author Vu Thi Hong Khanh's research on child labor in hazardous conditions. This document focuses on the issue of child labor in Vietnam (Vu Thi Hong Khanh, 2003). Research group Nguyen The Thang, members Le Tuan Duc, Bui The Hop by the Vietnam Institute of Educational Sciences had a project: "Study on the influence of family on early childhood education" carried out in 2009. Research has shown the effects of family education on the education of working children early and also shows the importance of family education background for this group of children (Nguyen The Thang et al, 2009).

Currently, the issue of early child labor in Vietnam has been receiving the attention of many organizations, typically: the Ministry of Education and Training; The Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, and other relevant ministries, together with the local authorities at the provincial level, the Vietnam General Confederation of Labor, Research Institutes, Universities, Unions Vietnam Women's Union, socio-political organizations, mass organizations, domestic NGOs and international organizations.

Thus, through several studies published recently by Vietnamese and international authors, it can be seen that the reality of early child labor is not only a matter of concern within a country. It is also a matter of international concern. Studies have gone from the effects of child labor on the development of countries, institutions, and policies related to the issue of early child labor. These are considered as the foundation for in-depth research on the issue of children in Vietnam today.

RESEARCH METHODS

The research mainly carried out the method of collecting, analyzing, and processing documents. During the research process, I regularly searched and consulted documents containing information related to the topic. research such as documents, reports summarizing the socio-economic situation of the commune, statistical tables, documents and books related to social work, essays or research topics, scientific reports, or research master's theses on the issue of early child labor. Besides, I also research and collect information through mass media channels. Based on that information, I carry out the analysis, comparison, and selective inheritance of the research results of those documents to serve the research of the topic of interest to ensure the topic of interest. It is both theoretical and scientific.

In addition, the study surveys children who are early laborers in the area of Dong Yen commune, Dong Son district, Thanh Hoa province and presents a typical case to conduct support and consultation during the implementation process. topic.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Situation of children working early

Dong Yen commune, Dong Son district, Thanh Hoa province has over 500 children aged 0-16. The school attendance rate is over 98%. People have a diversified structure of occupations, average income, and people's lives here are facing many difficulties. Of which, more than 2% belong to poor households, among poor households, the number of children working early shows an increase. Expression of the specific situation:

About the number of children working early: Currently, in the resettlement area, the number of children working early is 10, mainly in the age group of 9-16 years old.

Working-age: Shown in the following table of percentages by working age:

Table 1

Percentage of working age group

Age group | Ratio (%)
9 - 11 | 5%
9 - 14 | 5%
15 - 16 | 90%

Survey results in 2022

About the type of labor and the working area: They mainly do jobs such as helping bricklayers, repairing motorbikes, selling lottery tickets, selling street vendors, working as waiters in restaurants and bars.

Their main means of transport are their hands, feet, and bicycles. Many children have to cycle from their place of residence to the city to sell lottery tickets and sell street food at restaurants and eateries in Thanh Hoa city. Although the working environment is not dangerous and toxic, they are small subjects who work freely in conditions without the management of any center or organization. Therefore, they are prone to many risks such as illness, falling into social evils...

Working time: According to the survey, children work from 8 to 9 hours/day, even 12 hours/day if in the production season, near holidays, and Tet.

In terms of income: The amount of money they receive is very low: 50% of children have an income of over 20,000 VND a day, nearly 30% have an income higher than this; The remaining 20% of early laborers have an income of 6,000 - 10,000 VND a day.

Consequences of early child labor

For children

In terms of health: The problem of early labor negatively affects children's health both physically and psychologically. If they work too early, it will lead to overwork, exhausting labor, many children fall into a state of depression because of labor because they have to work too hard. Children are at risk of being victims of abuse, humiliation, or in other words, children who work early are victims of child abuse.

For learning: Because they don't have much time and effort to focus on investing in their studies. Children who work early have many signs of learning decline such as: often being late to school, having low grades, not having time to study further, and even having to drop out of school halfway.

Children who work at an early age are at high risk of being abused and exploited. Many children have to work in arduous conditions for tens of hours a day. Children who work at an early age are also vulnerable to social evils in the working conditions, they are easily drawn into social evils such as theft, they are easily taken advantage of and deceived into. prostitution or being trafficked across borders, especially girls.

For the family

Early child labor increases poverty and hardship for that family. This will become an obstacle to their development and increase poverty for their families. The fact that children work at an early age has degraded the traditional cultural beauties of the family such as the tradition of studiousness, harmonious family, and cultured family.

For society

The situation of children working early will contribute to the increase of social evils such as theft, robbery, drugs, prostitution, and cross-border child trafficking.

The situation of young children working early reduces the quality of human resources. Most working children are undereducated and uneducated, they do not have the opportunity to access education and vocational training to improve the qualifications of the workforce for the future. This is a dilemma for early child laborers.

Early child labor is a major obstacle in improving the quality of life, especially in child care and protection such as The increase in child labor will cause difficulties for key programs. books, or projects related to child protection care.

Causes of early child labor

The reason is from the side of each individual

Because the children are still young, their awareness is not high, seeing adults working for money should also follow while they lack life skills, children have not seen the bad consequences of early labor. Because they have not realized the benefits of studying as well as vocational training for their future, many children drop out of school to spend time working to earn money.

Cause from the family side

Being poor, wanting to find income for the family, the children replaced their parents to earn money to help their parents. That is the main cause and is easily seen for each situation of young children working early. Due to the family's many major events (parents discord, divorce or because they are busy getting rich, not caring about their children...), some children have to work to earn a living by themselves.

Due to limited awareness and the influence of outdated customs and practices. This is the typical cause of the problem of young children working early in the resettlement areas. We can see the following table to see more clearly the main reasons why children have to work early.

Table 2

Causes of early child labor

No | Family reasons | Ratio %
1 | The family situation is too poor | 60%
2 | Parents lack of care | 20%
3 | Want to have money for your use? | 5%
4 | Children are forced to work by their families | 10%
5 | Is different | 5%

Survey results in 2022

Cause from the school

It must be said that besides the educational achievements that the school system in Dong Yen commune has achieved, there are also many shortcomings and limitations such as support for poor students and difficult students. many limitations have not been given due attention, especially the policies of tuition fee exemption and reduction, supporting books for poor students or most schools lack programs of talks or propaganda to educate life skills. for you. This cause together with the reasons from the family mentioned above has made the situation of children working early in the area increasing and very difficult to solve.

Individual social work with early working children

Client Profile

Client's personal information

Full name: Nguyen Huu A

Gender: Male

Year of birth: 2008

Place of birth:

Education level: 8/12

Occupation: dong sales

Health status: Sick body

Information about relatives

Through research, it is known that the client's family consists of 5 members. Her 55-year-old father works as a bicycle repairman. Nguyen Huu A's father is a rather hot-tempered man who scolds his wife and children every time he comes home from work. 52-year-old Nguyen Huu A's mother works as a domestic helper. In the past 2 years, A's mother has been seriously ill, so she cannot work. Nguyen Huu A has 2 younger siblings, a 12-year-old girl and a 9-year-old boy who is studying in primary and secondary schools.

Client's current living environment

Natural environment

Currently, client Nguyen Huu A is living with his grandmother, parents, and two younger brothers in a resettlement house in Dong Yen commune, Dong Son district, Thanh Hoa province. The client's family is still one of the poorest in Dong Yen commune. Looking at the furniture in the house, there is nothing much but a set of tables and chairs and 2 quite old beds and a bicycle. In general, compared to a normal family, the client's family is quite lacking in material and means of living in the family.

The social environment

The client's social environment is reflected in the relationship between the client and the people around him. That is:

The relationship between the client and his/her parents: There are some conflicting issues in this relationship between the client and his/her father. Because the client's father is a rather hot-tempered person and a drinker, there are often quarrels between the father and mother of the client, the client's father beats and scolds the children, especially the client. As a result, the client is very afraid and rarely talks to his father, and the client tends to disobey him, especially during times when the client's father is not at home. For the mother, although there is no conflict, there is still a distance between the mother of the client and the client, the two people rarely talk to each other, so there are many stories about the client sharing information. Therefore, the client falls into a state of lack of educational attention from family and relatives.

Relationships between clients and friends: In these relationships between clients and friends, especially a group of co-workers, there are often quarrels and fights over petty things. This is also a relationship that greatly affects the deviant behavior of the client.

Personal social work progress

Approach the client

I had the opportunity to meet the family of 14-year-old Nguyen Huu A. This is the first meeting between me and Nguyen Huu A's family, and fortunately, his family was present in large numbers including Nguyen Huu A's parents and 2 young children in the meeting, talking and communicating openly. At this opening, I had the opportunity to introduce necessary information about myself, the purpose of the meeting between me and Nguyen Huu A and Nguyen Huu A's family to find out about Nguyen Huu A's working situation and situation, and hope wants to help support Nguyen Huu A psychologically and advise necessary things to help Nguyen Huu A soon get out of his working situation. Thanks to the introduction of the local religion as well as the ability to approach customers, creating the friendliness and trust of Nguyen Huu A's family, Nguyen Huu A's family allowed me to work with Nguyen Huu A. and my family have allowed me to conduct personal social work with Nguyen Huu A.

- Evaluate:

* About client Nguyen Huu A

+ Appearance: Nguyen Huu A is a little skinny boy

+ Attitude and personality: Nguyen Huu A is a rather stubborn and hyperactive child. When answering questions, often answer with empty, impolite sentences.

- Usage skills: good use of communication skills, observation skills (observing facial expressions, gestures, behaviors, attitudes of the client and other family members. pay attention to their clothes and language so that they are close to nature, easy to understand, suitable to the living situation of the client and the client's family.

After completing the client outreach phase, I proceeded to define a plan to assist the client in my social work progress. I and the client and family discuss the work plan such as determining the time and location of the consultations, with the client to determine how many sessions are appropriate? Both ensure the effectiveness and efficiency of the support process while being appropriate to the circumstances and abilities of the client. In this research project, I discussed with Nguyen Huu A and his family and determined to conduct 6 interviews at the client's home during periods when the client and family have free time.

Identify the problem

Through outreach and exchange sessions, I have obtained important initial information that can identify problems that clients are facing from client Nguyen Huu A's early employment status:

Client Nguyen Huu A has been facing psychological difficulties such as inferiority complex, low self-esteem, lack of will, lack of confidence, not realizing the importance of education for his future. myself.

Nguyen Huu A is facing difficulties from family and social relationships, which are: conflict with his father, little obedience to his parents, frequent quarrels with friends.

The client also has to face the consequences of poverty from his family's side because A's family is too poor to eat enough to eat, has not had enough face, does not study well.

* To be able to identify the client's problem, in addition to collecting and analyzing information from conversations, in-depth interviews with client Nguyen Huu A from Nguyen Huu A's parents, from the village head, from cultural officials, in particular, I conducted 2 interviews, 1 interview with Nguyen Huu A was conducted at the client's house and 1 interview with the client's parents was also conducted 2 days later. The two interviews were conducted seriously based on carefully preparing the stages and content, the purpose of each interview, I also used a combination of skills such as orientation and questioning skills. , observation skills, listening skills, empathy skills to ensure accurate collection of important information related to the client's problem, thereby identifying the client's problem more accurately.

From the information gathered from many different sources, I have determined that there are 3 main reasons leading to the early working status of client Nguyen Huu A. They are:

The first is: Because Nguyen Huu A's family is too poor, Nguyen Huu A's father has to let his client leave school early to help his father earn money.

The second is: Due to awareness. Here, it means that the awareness is limited not only by the T family but also by the resettled community here.

The third is: Due to the attractiveness of the economy, Nguyen Huu A does not want to go to school, just wants to work to earn a lot of money to spend.

Collect information

During the process to ensure that I obtain important complete and accurate information regarding my client's problem I have employed a variety of methods and techniques to gather information from two primary sources:

The first is The source of information directly from the client. Above all, the client is the one who understands his problems best. Therefore, the client is also the person who provides complete and accurate information for the client's problem. However, there is a point to note in this case that my client is a child laborer in his early teens, so in the process of getting information from the client.

Second: I have collected information from family members or people related to the client such as the client's parents, relatives, neighbors, and groups of friends. The client and the village head, the socio-cultural manager in the locality where the client is living, is the person who has a lot of information and understanding about the client.

Evaluation and diagnosis

Based on the collected information, I assess and diagnose the extent of the client's problem as follows:

The reality of early labor has been causing a series of negative consequences for clients such as illiteracy problems, conflicts with parents, negative social problems such as customers having a habit of petty theft... These consequences not only cause immediate harm but also interfere with the client's future. Through the assessment of the client's problem, I have built the needs of client Nguyen Huu A as follows:

According to Maslow's concept, “needs are the objective requirements of each person under certain conditions to ensure his life and development”. Maslow also asserted that human needs are divided into the following 5 categories: 1/ material needs (food, air, water); 2/ needs for social security (love, work...); 3/ social needs (to be integrated); 4/need to be valued (acceptance of a place in a group of people); 5/the need for self-affirmation (need for perfection, intellectual development, to be able to show their abilities and potentials).

From the consideration of those basic needs, I have determined that the needs of client Nguyen Huu A are:

* The client wants to go to vocational training so that he can find a stable job in the future.

* The client wants to be cared for and cared for by his or her parents.

* The client wants his mother to get well quickly.

* The client wants his or her family out of poverty.

Treatment plan

Based on the identification, assessment, and diagnosis of the client's problem, I and client A and his family together discuss and determine the strengths, weaknesses, advantages, and disadvantages to be able to develop a treatment plan for the client's problem.

*Identifying strengths and weaknesses of client Nguyen Huu A:

- Strengths: Smart, clever, industrious

- Weaknesses: Guilt, low self-esteem

* Identify advantages and disadvantages

- Favorable:

* On the family side, parents still care about Nguyen Huu A

* The local government has many programs and policies to support poor households and poor students such as loan policy for poor students, social assistance policy for policy beneficiaries in the commune. such as providing financial support for poor students in the first phase according to Decree 49/ND-CP, distributing cash rice to poor households in the Cam Tuyen commune. Local authorities are doing well in job creation and vocational training for workers through targeted programs and socio-economic development programs. In general, these are advantages in supporting poor households to improve their lives for resettled households in general and Nguyen Huu A's family in particular.

- Difficult:

* The client and the client's family Nguyen Huu A: The client's family is a poor household, family members have many adverse health problems, that is, Nguyen Huu A's family is quite large, there is an elderly grandmother, Nguyen Huu A's mother is infected. seriously ill, unable to work, while the client is absent from school to earn money, is often ill, and family conflicts still exist.

* Social community side:

- There is a lack of support services for children in general and early laboring children in particular, such as social work services, psychological counseling services, etc.

From the analysis of the client's strengths, weaknesses, advantages, and difficulties, through working sessions, especially through discussions with the client and client's family, Nguyen Huu A, both sides shared The exchange outlines goals and plans to solve the early labor problem that the client is facing.

Performing therapy

Based on the identified treatment plan in this period, I carry out the following therapeutic activities for each subject:

The first is Psychotherapy for the client, specifically, I will conduct talks, sharing, counseling sessions to help client Nguyen Huu A change emotions, perceptions, behaviors vi in a positive direction, helping client Nguyen Huu A reduce his inferiority complex about his situation, influence psychology to help the client understand and realize the importance of studying for his or her life. the client's future, thereby awakening in the client the ability to strive and the will to rise in life. Also, based on the knowledge and skills I have acquired, I have conducted education to help clients gradually eliminate some bad behaviors such as petty theft, profanity behavior to help clients improve their relationships. relationship with their parents directs the client to live in the love and attentive care of the family.The second is Psychological therapy for the client's family. I can perform the role of a counselor or psychological counselor, the role of a communicator, an educator to provide the necessary knowledge and skills for the client as well as the client's family. During this phase of family therapy, I have to help the client's family solve two dilemmas: (i) One is: To improve the relationship between the client's family members in the most positive direction, which is the relationship between the client's father and mother and the relationship between the client Nguyen Huu A and his or her parents. The state of conflict in the family of client Nguyen Huu A; (ii) Second: Improving the current difficult living situation of the client's family, solving this problem is quite complicated and involves a series of related problems that are poverty, health problems, labor and employment issues, livelihood issues.

In solving the above two main problems for the family, I emphasize psychotherapy to change the way of thinking and misperception of the client's parents, to help the client's parents realize bad consequences from the early work of clients like me conduct an analytical conversation and show the family the negative manifestations in client Nguyen Huu A such as theft, fighting behavior, How does lack of education affect the client's future development? In addition, I have also provided counseling to provide the client's parents with knowledge and skills to educate their children in the family, such as providing knowledge about age psychology, problem-solving skills, etc. Family conflict...

To do this well, I have conducted both working with individuals, be it with an individual client Nguyen Huu A, or working with Nguyen Huu A's mother or father, and conducting group work, I undertake to work with many members of the client's family this is a way to achieve optimal efficiency during the consultation process with the client. However, to be able to implement these two methods on social workers, in addition to making good use of individual social work skills, it also requires good use of teamwork skills such as conflict resolution skills, conflict, information gathering skills, provoking questions, skills to recognize and describe thoughts, feelings, behaviors of members, skills to focus on group communication.

The third is: Advocating for connection with resource services in the community to solve the problems of the client as well as the client's family, such as conducting counseling for the client's family on ways to do business effectively. economic results for the family, recommending clients and families to youth training and vocational training centers to encourage clients to participate in vocational training following the legitimate needs and aspirations of Nguyen Huu A

Estimate

From the planning of treatment and treatment for client Bui Van Nguyen Huu A and the completion of the social work process, the following goals have been accomplished: (i) Client Nguyen Huu A has had positive changes in terms of perception, emotion, and behavior, from a child with low self-esteem, gradually becoming a brave child. stronger, more confident, and more determined; (ii) Clients accept to change their negative behaviors such as giving up petty theft, modifying swearing, disobeying parents; (iii) The parents of client Nguyen Huu A agree that they will not let Nguyen Huu A work any longer, but will try to borrow student loans to support Nguyen Huu A to study at a vocational school in the city. Overall, therapy has yielded positive results, and I have helped clients and their families achieve clear, realistic, and relevant goals.

CONCLUSION

Through the above research results, it can be seen that it is necessary to prevent the situation of children working early, to avoid having a heavy impact on physical development, psychological damage to children, help children have the opportunity to go to school and have access to the best social services. This issue requires the joint efforts of relevant authorities, families, schools, and the whole society. Hopefully, with the efforts of all stakeholders, the situation of children working early in the coming time in Vietnam will be significantly reduced, building a better and better living environment for children the most beautiful.

REFERENCES

Banerjee et al (2008), Whole-time domestic child labor in the metropolitan city of Kolkata, Indian pediatrics, Volume 45-July 17.

Christopher Heady (2010), "What is the effect of child labor on learning achievement? Evidence from Ghana", Papers inwopa00/7, Innocenti Working Papers.

Child Labour In India: A Critical Legal Study. (2019, Nov 19), Retrieved from https://papersowl.com/examples/child-labour-in-india-a-critical-legal-study.

Can Tang, Liqiu Zhao, Zhong Zhao (2016), Child labor in China, China Economic Review, DOI:10.1016/j.chieco.2016.05.006.

Edmonds, Eric V. and Nina Pavcnik (2006), “International Trade And Child Labor: Cross-Country Evidence”, Journal of International Economics, v68 (1, Jan), 115-140.

Nguyen The Thang, Le Tuan Duc, Bui The Hop (2009), Research on the influence of family on the education of young working children, Vietnam Institute of Educational Sciences, Hanoi.

Vu Thi Hong Khanh (2003), Child labor in hazardous and dangerous conditions, Hanoi University of Social Sciences and Humanities.