1 INTRODUCTION

The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is native to the Americas and constitutes, among the legumes of food grains, one of the species of major importance for human consumption (Peña et al., 2015; Estrada et al., 2016; Calero et al., 2018). The world production is estimated at 30.4 million tons and 67% is concentrated in India, Myanmar, Brazil, the United States, China, Tanzania, Mexico and Uganda (FAO, 2018).

This crop is affected by several factors including drought stress, nutritional deficiencies, inefficient land use, pest incidence, among others (Beebe et al., 2011; Estrada et al., 2016; Domínguez et al., 2019), which produce an agricultural yield below the genetic potential of the cultivars employed in production.

In Cuba, the area destined to this crop exceeds 147,000 ha, with an average agricultural yield of 1.09 t ha^-1 (ONEI, 2019), although domestic production still does not meet consumption needs (Martínez et al., 2017; Hernández-Ochandía et al., 2018). Therefore, regionalization studies are required in the common bean (Martínez et al., 2019a) that guarantee the use of better adapted cultivars (Lima et al., 2020) and agricultural yields according to their genetic potentials. Cabrera et al. (2017) also suggest that these elements demand applied research in different agroecosystems to contribute to the availability of this grain legume in the market.

The agricultural localities of Pinar del Río (Cuba), where tobacco monoculture prevails, have potential for increasing and diversifying common bean production. Its use allows an important contribution to cover the demand for this grain in the population's diet. In addition to other benefits of the crop for soil improvement, the regulation of pests and diseases and the sustainability of agroecosystems in general.

For this, Cuban agriculture has at least 30 commercial cultivars in the production of common beans with great diversity of growth habits and color of the testa of the seeds (MINAG, 2017; Martínez et al., 2019b). In the province of Pinar del Río, Cuba, the most commercially grown cultivars are the testa of their black seeds 'CUL 156', 'Tomeguín 93', 'BAT 304', which contribute more than 90 % of the total production of the territory (ONEI, 2019). Cultivars with red and white testa seeds are less frequently studied in local soil and climatic conditions, particularly in tobacco agroecosystems, where the planting of this crop for grain production is currently increasing and diversifying.

Therefore, the present work objective to determine the response of four commercial cultivars of common bean in soil in climatic conditions of the locality "San Juan and Martínez", Pinar del Río, Cuba.

2 Materials and Methods

This research was carried out in a tobacco agroecosystem in “San Juan y Martínez”, whose coordinates locate it at 22° 18" 13' N and 83° 47" 39' W of the province of Pinar del Río, Cuba. The soil was classified as Ferralitic Yellowish Leached (Hernández et al., 2015), with pH (KCl) = 5.1 and organic matter 1.47%. Below are the climatic conditions that characterized the planting times, according to the data of the Meteorological Station No. 314 belonging to the Provincial Meteorological Center of Pinar del Río (Figure 1).

Four cultivars (treatments) of common bean were used (Table 1), distributed in a Random Block design with four replicas. In each planting period the cultivated area was 450 m² with experimental units of 28 m². The cultivar 'CUL-156' was included as a control based on the commercial production of this grain in the study area, used for more than five years for cultivation; while 'Buenaventura', 'Guamá 23' and 'Chévere' are also commercial cultivars, although its productive response has not been determined in soil and climatic conditions of the locality "San Juan and Martínez".

Sowing was done manually, in the first half of November, at a planting distance 0.60 m between rows and 0.07 between plants. All the cultural attentions were carried out as established in the technical guide for the cultivation of the common bean in Cuba (Faure et al., 2013). In the fertilization a dose of 0.4 t ha^-1 formula 12-6-16-3 (N-P-K-Mg) was applied at the time of sowing and foliar ammonium nitrate (6.0 g L^-1) 15 days before the start of flowering (Izquierdo et al., 2018). The irrigation was carried out superficial by furrow. Six irrigations were applied (always in the afternoon) and the 75% total average net norm (3 500 m3 ha^-1) established according to the development stages of the crop was guaranteed (Faure et al., 2013).

Harvesting was carried out when the plants reached physiological maturity, which was characterized by leaf drop, change of color of the legumes from green-purple to brown once they reached their optimum drying. When the seeds reached 14% moisture (Maqueira et al., 2021), the plants were harvested. These were left to dry for 48 hours in the field, after which they were threshed by hand and stored in jute sacks.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Monthly values ​​of the climatic variables in the municipality of "San Juan and Martínez", during the period of the field experiments (Nov 2017 - Feb 2018 and Nov 2018 - Feb 2019). Legend: (A) Average values of temperature, (B) Relative humidity and accumulated rainfall and (C) Wind speed. Source: Own elaboration using data from of the Provincial Meteorological Center of Pinar del Río, Cuba
Own elaboration using data from of the Provincial Meteorological Center of Pinar del Río, Cuba

To estimate agricultural yield, 8 square meters were harvested per experimental plot (replicate). Components were determined on 40 randomly selected plants in four linear meters per replicate (10 per linear meter). These included number of legumes per plant, index of non-effective legumes per plant, number of seeds per legume, dry mass of the legumes, dry mass of the seeds per legume and the mass of 100 seeds). Biomass values represent the dry weight of legumes and seeds. These were separated and kept in an oven for 48 h at a temperature of 70 ºC. An Adventurer™ Pro Precision (OHAUS®) digital scale was used (precision 0.01 g).

In the data obtained, the assumptions of normality and homogeneity of variance were verified, using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Levene tests, respectively. Double classification Variance Analysis and Tukey test were applied for the comparison of means, with a confidence level of 95% (p≤0.05). Regression analysis was also performed for agricultural yield. The statistical program Minitab version 17.1 for Windows, was used (MINITAB, 2015).

3 Results and Discussion

The analysis of variance showed a significant effect of the cultivar factor on the productive variables analyzed, except for the index of non-effective legumes per plant and the agricultural yield. It was precisely in these components that the sowing period had a significant influence, while legumes per plant, seeds per legume and the biomasses of legume and seeds did not undergo significant variations in this factor. The cultivar- sowing interaction was also significant for agricultural yield and three of its important components (legumes per plant, seeds per legume and 100-seed mass) (Table 2).

Other results related to environment and genotype in the crop found significant effects of the factors cultivar and crop cycle (= sowing period) on agricultural yield and its competencies. In addition, the cultivar-cropping cycle interaction influenced seed yield and 100-seed mass, not so for the number of legumes per square meter and seeds per legume (Romero-Félix et al., 2018).

A previous analysis on the productivity of common bean ('CUL-156', 'Buenaventura', 'Chévere' and others) in localities of Pinar del Río (Cuba) showed significant differences in the cultivar factor for all the components evaluated (Santana-Baños et al., 2021).

The components of the crop agricultural yield expressed significant differences between the cultivars in the two sowing periods, except for the index of non-effective legumes (Table 3). 'Buenaventura' reached more than 12 legumes per plant at harvest. This suggests a better productive response of the cultivar to the prevailing conditions. Some authors affirm the importance of this component because of its high contribution to the agricultural yield of the crop (Zilio et al., 2011; De La Fé et al., 2016).

An adequate balance was also verified between the production of legumes and the formation of the seeds since the index of non-effective legumes yielded average values of less than 35% in all cultivars in the two harvests. This result suggests an effective distribution of photoassimilates to the formation of legumes and seeds under the evaluated conditions. Plant nutrition and vegetative development achieved, along with other crop management factors, have a marked influence on this variable.

The number of seeds per legume expressed values between 3.91 and 7.38, in the cultivars 'Guamá 23' and 'CUL-156' respectively, with significant differences between them and with the other cultivars evaluated. The variables dry mass of the legumes and dry mass of seeds per legumes showed significant differences between the cultivars, with average values statistically higher than the rest in 'Guamá 23' (2.11 g and 1.65 g). This result is associated with the fact that this cultivar has larger seeds than the other study objects. Therefore, the mass of 100 seeds reached a significantly higher average in this cultivar (40.34 g).

Other authors referred values ​​lower than 4.0 seeds per pod legume in the 'CUL-156' cultivar for the same planting date. They also affirm that the variation of this influences the result obtained (Maqueira et al., 2017). In an agroecosystem of Santi Spíritus, Cuba, between 3.0 and 4.0 seeds per legume is also obtained with the cultivar 'Buenaventura' (Calero et al., 2018).

The dry masses of legumes and seeds per legume had a similar answer, with significantly higher means in 'Guamá 23' cultivar. The relationship between these variables indicates that the dry mass of seeds exceeds 75% of the total mass of the legume in all cultivars.

The mass of 100 seeds expressed significant differences between cultivars in under the evaluated conditions. The cultivars 'Buenaventura' (19 g) and 'Chévere' (18 g) exceeded their average value while 'Guamá 23' and 'CUL-156' they reached a potential greater than 80 % of the mass of 100 seeds (49 g and 20 g) found by Faure et al. (2013). Other authors refered to averages greater than 20 g in the cultivar Buenaventura' (Calero et al., 2018) and values between 17.6 and 19.2 g in 'CUL-156' (Maqueira et al., 2017).

The agricultural yield of the cultivars expressed a differentiated response between sowing periods, except for 'Chévere'. The greatest variation was observed in 'CUL-156', with an agricultural yield in the period November 2017 - February 2018 that exceeded by 15 % the values obtained in the rest of cultivars. In the second harvest (November 2018 - February 2019) the cultivars 'Buenaventura' and 'Guamá 23' exceeded 2.0 t ha^-1 and were significantly higher than 'CUL-156'. However, all cultivars exceeded 60% of their potential agricultural yield in each harvest (Figure 2).

Figure 2
Figure 2. Agricultural yield of the common bean cultivars in the periods evaluated. Different letters in the same column indicate significant differences (Tukey test; p≤0.05). Source: Own elaboration
Own elaboration

The differentiated response in 'CUL-156' was inverse with respect to the other cultivars, which suggests evaluating the response of the crop with certified seeds of different origin, delving into the effect of different water levels due to the differences in rainfall between the planting, as well as in the management of crop nutrition.

The differentiated response in 'CUL-156' was inverse with respect to the other cultivars, which suggests evaluating the response of the crop with certified seeds of different origin, delving into the effect of different water levels due to the differences in rainfall between the planting, as well as in the management of crop nutrition.

Research carried out in agroecosystems of the central region of Cuba also found agricultural yield values above 2.0 t ha^-1 in common bean cultivars where 'Chévere' was included (Martínez et al., 2015). They also point out differences in the agricultural yield of 14 cultivars introduced in Cuba and evaluated in the western region (De La Fé et al., 2016).

The results of the agricultural yield in the cultivars provide important information for the choice of these according to the production objective that is pursued, since, in most of the areas producing common beans, the potential agricultural yields are never reached (Domínguez et al., 2016). Recent research indicates that 'Buenaventura' expressed more than 60% of its genetic potential in agroecosystems of Pinar del Río, Cuba (Izquierdo et al., 2018; Carrodeguas et al., 2021) due to its possible tolerance to edaphoclimatic variations between localities.

It was shown that the cultivars with red testa seeds ('Buenaventura' and 'Guamá 23') and white ('Chévere') can favor the productive diversification of the seeds in the tobacco agroecosystems of “San Juan and Martínez” (Cuba), with production values ​​that exceed the average agricultural yield in the province of Pinar del Río (1.3 t ha^-1) and Cuba (1.09 t ha^-1) (ONEI, 2019).

The results show that common bean should be one of the most widely used crops for diversification of production in tobacco agroecosystems, given its importance as human food, the benefits it brings to the soil due to its interaction with rhizobacteria and the recycling of nutrients, among other elements.

The estimation of agricultural yield in common bean from the number of legumes per plant (Figure 3) is an issue addressed by several authors who suggest a high correlation and dependency between these variables (Zilio et al., 2011; Izquierdo et al., 2018).

The results obtained indicate that the number of legumes determined more than 60 % of the productivity of the crop. This result differs from those obtained by Lescay et al. (2017) who in a study of common bean cultivars reported an extremely low relationship between these variables.

Figure 3
Figure 3. Results of the regression analysis between agricultural yield and number of legumes in the crop. R²-estimation coefficient for the lineal regression. Source: Own elaboration
Own elaboration

4 Conclusions

In agricultural yield it varied among the cultivars and exceeded 50 % of its potential in both harvests. The cultivars ‘Buenaventura’, ‘Guamá 23’ and ‘Chévere’ exceeded 65% of their agricultural yield potential. It is possible to diversify common bean production in the tobacco agroecosystem of the municipality of “San Juan y Martínez"with black, red and white testa cultivars.

Author contributions

Sergio Carrodeguas Díaz and Yoerlandy Santana-Baños: Conceptualization.

Yoerlandy Santana-Baños, Sergio Carrodeguas Díaz, Yosbel López Quintana, José Carlos González Sotolongo and Edenys Miranda Izquierdo: Research.

Yoerlandy Santana-Baños and Michel Ruiz Sánchez: Methodology.

Sergio Carrodeguas Díaz and Michel Ruiz Sánchez: Supervision.

Yosbel López Quintana and José Carlos González Sotolongo: Data curation.

Yoerlandy Santana-Baños, Michel Ruiz Sánchez and Edenys Miranda Izquierdo: Formal analysis.

Yoerlandy Santana-Baños and Sergio Carrodeguas Díaz: Writing – Original Draft Preparation.

Yoerlandy Santana-Baños, Sergio Carrodeguas Díaz and Michel Ruiz Sánchez: Writing – Review & Editing.

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